Installing skype 4.0 on Ubuntu

Finally we got a Skype version for Ubuntu with no sound or webcam image problems: Skype 4.0 for Linux. And both of 32 and 64 bits version versions work  normally.

1. Downloading

Download the newest version of skype:
http://www.skype.com/intl/en/get-skype/on-your-computer/linux/ (or:)
http://www.skype.com/intl/en-us/get-skype/on-your-computer/linux/

and search your Ubuntu version. Example, if your Ubuntu version is 64 bits, download this version: Ubuntu xx.x+64-bit.

You'll get a file like this:
skype-ubuntu_4.0.0.7-1_i386.deb
for 32 bits Ubuntu version, or
skype-ubuntu_4.0.0.7-1_amd64.deb
for 64 bits Ubuntu version

2. Installing
First, you have to exclude another version of skype in your Ubuntu, if you do.

 After this,  open a terminal (alt+ctrl+t) and type:

sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu_4.0.0.7-1_amd64.deb

After few seconds, skype is installed and ready to use.

Things to do after installing Ubuntu

1) It's a version from:

http://www.ubuntuvibes.com/2012/04/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu.html

Ubuntu 12.04 final has been released. Check out our post installation guide for Precise.

Ubuntu 12.04 installer allows you to install updates and refresh repositories from installer itself, if you are connected to the Internet. If you skip this part, later you should update your system and repositories. To do that, just launch update manager from dash menu. If you want to have faster updates, select a server near you or start the test which will automatically set a best server for you.

Go to additional drivers and install new drivers as required.

Install Ubuntu Restricted Extras from Ubuntu Software Center to add support for flash, java and mp3 playback. If you already installed updates and third party software during installation, you can skip this step.

Add support for encrypted DVD by running following commands:

sudo apt-get install libdvdread4
sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh

If you want to add support for Systray or Notification Area which has been disabled in Unity, install and launch dconf-editor from Ubuntu Software Center. Now to enable it just add an extra string 'all' under Desktop > Unity > Panel as shown in screenshot below (requires a logout to work). To revert, just click on 'Set to Default'.

Install your favorite indicators. A list of indicators with installation instructions can be found on Ask Ubuntu and here.

Though Ubuntu 12.04 comes with quicklists for most of the apps, you can add custom quicklists support to your favorite apps. Many quicklists and their installation instructions can be found here.

Change Unity launcher behavior and control what shows in dash by going to privacy settings in system settings.

In case you are only able to access Unity 2D, run the command below to check if your system supports Unity 3D.

/usr/lib/nux/unity_support_test -p

Medibuntu (Multimedia, Entertainment & Distractions In Ubuntu) is a repository of packages that cannot be included into the Ubuntu distribution for legal reasons (copyright, license, patent, etc). You can add Medibuntu repository by running commands below:

sudo -E wget --output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/$(lsb_release -cs).list && sudo apt-get --quiet update && sudo apt-get --yes --quiet --allow-unauthenticated install medibuntu-keyring && sudo apt-get --quiet update

sudo apt-get install app-install-data-medibuntu apport-hooks-medibuntu

You can install new Gnome 3.4 apps in Ubuntu without installing Gnome Shell by running command below. These applications lack proper Unity Integration though.

sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-documents gnome-contacts

To install latest Gnome Shell 3.4, run the command:

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell

Not all gnome 3.4 components have been updated in Precise. Run the commands below to fully update all your Gnome 3.4 components. Beware that these packages may break your system.

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/testing 

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3

sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade

To install classic two panel Gnome session, run the command:

sudo apt-get install gnome-session-fallback

If you want to try new Linux Mint Cinnamon interface, run the commands below:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-stable

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install cinnamon

Lastly, customize your desktop with new themes, icons and other tweaks. Check out our article on different configuration tools for Ubuntu 12.04.

2) It`s a version from:


http://blog.sudobits.com/2011/09/08/10-things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-11-10/

plus news instructions.

Ubuntu 11.10 – Oneiric Ocelot beta 1 is out now! Now it’s the time to install some necessary applications/packages to make the system useful for any common purpose such as Listening music, watching movies, playing videos over the web etc. or any specific purposes (e.g if you’re a web designer then you need to install some cool fonts, image editors, graphics designing tools etc).
Since Ubuntu 11.10 has already made some good changes in the selection of default applications (as compare to previous versions), but still a lot of efforts are required to customize the Ubuntu for your needs. Here is list of top 10 customization tips that I think is required for most of the users, feel free to add one if you feel it’s useful for Ubuntu users, through comments. Some of the packages are mandatory while some are recommended based on its popularity – if you don’t like any Apps, just swap it out with your favorite one.

Things to do after a fresh installation of Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)

1. Update Ubuntu (Repository cache)

After installing Ubuntu 11.10, first of all, update the package information (you are always recommended to update your computer as frequently as possible but surely before installing any new programs so that you will get the latest one available in the repository). You can update your system either from command line
Open a terminal (Ctrl + Alt + t) and execute the following commands -

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Alternate way – start update manager (it’s installed by default, just search for it) and click on install updates.

updating repository using Update Manager

2. Install ‘Ubuntu Restricted Extras’ – codecs/plugins

You need to install the audio mp3 (MPEG Layer 3) decoders as it’s required for playing your mp3 songs), similarly you need to install Adobe flash player on Ubuntu 11.10 for playing flash content such as YouTube Videos (although they are trying to replace the flash dependencies with HTML 5). You can install all these proprietary plugins/codecs by installing the package called ‘ubuntu restricted extras’. Open a terminal and execute the command -

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras

Restricted library/packages for playing encrypted DVD’s

Although you’ve installed ‘ubuntu-restricted-extra’, you still won’t be able to play any proprietary DVD (which is usually encrypted with CSS(Content Scramble System) ). Therefore You also need to install libdvdcss2, a free software library for unscrambling/accessing those DVDs. Open terminal and execute the following commands (You may need to reboot) -

sudo apt-get install libdvdread4

sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh

3. Install Additional (graphics card and webcam) drivers

If you are using any graphics/video card (which is recommended for 3D effects in Unity or Gnome-shell, if your computer doesn’t fulfill the graphics requirement then you will be 2D version of Unity, in fallback mode). In most of the cases, Ubuntu will automatically detect and tell you there any additional hardware drivers are necessary or not, you just need to select the appropriate driver and click on Activate.

For any reason if your graphics card (probably NVIDIA or ATI) doesn’t get detected automatically then don’t be panic. Go to System Settings -> Additional Drivers and wait for the window to appear with driver options. Select the driver software you want to install and click on Activate. After installing the driver – restart your computer. That set.
In case of the AMD-Radeon graphic card driver hasn't been installed, download the specific driver on AMD site. Go to

http://support.amd.com/us/gpudownload/Pages/index.aspx

and select your specific driver following the 5 steps and download the file in /home/user/Downloads, where user is your user name.

It will be downloaded a file like this

amd-driver-installer-12-2-x86.x86_64.run

open a terminal (alt+ctlr+t) and type this commands:

cd /home/user/Downloads 

chmod +x amd-driver-installer-12-2-x86.x86_64.run

./amd-driver-installer-12-2-x86.x86_64.run



and follow the instructions of the program installation driver.

install cheese – webcam software/driver for your webcam

If you want to use your webcam for taking pictures or recording videos then you must need a webcam software. Cheese is the most popular webcam software, and it’s already there in Ubuntu Software Center, or install it from terminal -

sudo apt-get install cheese

4. Browsers: Update Firefox and install Chromium or Chrome 

Chromium - Browsing with Speed

Firefox is the default web browser in Ubuntu 11.10, which is fast, safe and stable even there are multiple tabs and add-on’s installed.  To update it follow this commands:

open the console, just clicking alt+ctrl+t

type the followings commands: 

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-mozilla-security/ppa  

sudo apt-get update  

sudo apt-get install firefox

For closing the console type 'exit'.

On the other hand, Chromium browser is similar to Chrome browser, but it's is maintained by the freee software community by GPL license. It’s popularity is increasing exponentially but still does not allow open files before downloading and there are not many applications available. So it’s a must have application on Ubuntu (or any other OS). Chromium supports all the extensions/themes that you use on Chrome. It’s one of the most popular software in Ubuntu Software Center. So you can install it in a single click from Ubuntu Software Center, or just type the command in terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T ) :

sudo apt-get install chromium-browser

You should install some codecs like ffmpeg for playing multimedia contents on web.

sudo apt-get install chromium-codecs-ffmpeg-extra

Installing/updating firefox 

5. Install VLC Player

VLC player is one of the most popular open source media player. It is commonly called as – ‘all in one‘ media player, it has lot of features that you expect from a modern media player. On Ubuntu 11.10 – it’s a must have application – for video player it’s probably the best one. VLC player is capable of playing a wide range media formats such as mp3, avi, mp4, flv etc. Since it’s available in Ubuntu Software Center – you can either install it from there or type the command -

sudo apt-get install vlc

6. Install any Image editing program

An image editing/creating software is necessary for every one, by default no such program is installed. So you’re recommended to install an image editor.
GIMP is the most popular open source and free image editor, having features similar to Adobe Photoshop. GIMP has a lot of powerful features which allows you to create complex graphics designs/images. it is more suitable for intermediate users – those having some experience in image editing. To install gimp – either search in Ubuntu Software Center or install it from terminal -

sudo apt-get install gimp

For some extra set of brushes, gradients and plugins etc execute :

sudo apt-get install gimp-data-extras

sudo apt-get install gimp-plugin-registry

Pinta is a good image editing program – with some basic features. it’s very easy to use, so most suitable for absolute beginners. it looks very similar to MS paint program. To install pinta – use Ubuntu Software Center or execute the command

sudo apt-get install pinta

7. Try Gnome shell

Ubuntu 11.10 uses Unity as the default UI/window manager but it’s based on Gnome 3 so you can install Gnome shell simultaneously (without breaking the Unity desktop, which used to happen in previous version of Ubuntu i.e in 11.04). Gnome shell has been developed from scratch for a totally new experience. The interaction and navigation has been evolved in Gnome shell – so it appears to be the next generation desktop. The Gnome shell is already there, in the official repository of Ubuntu 11.10 – so you can install Gnome 3 in one simple command (or from USC)

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell

If you’ve any problem in using Gnome shell – then refer to my previous post about installing Gnome shell on Ubuntu 11.10 , where a little bit of extra information is there along with step wise installation instructions.

8. setup an online file backup program

You must keep an an online backup of your important files. Now a days- cloud backup is recommended. Ubuntu 11.10 has ‘Ubuntu One’ installed by default, in which you will get 2GB free storage and you can access (direct music streaming is also available) your files from anywhere. Most of the backup programs such as Dropbox offers sync features – which can also be used in collaborative projects.

Ubuntu One - backup with Cloud

Ubuntu One
it’s already installed in Ubuntu 11.10. You will get 2GB of free storage (in cloud). So you can easily synchronize your critical files using this application. Click on the Ubuntu One launcher in the panel and follow the instructions. Files can accessed from anywhere – and music streaming is also available on Android and iPhone.
Dropbox

File Sharing is Fun!

Dropbox is one of the most popular file sharing (as well as backup) program. Dropbox offers 2GB storage for free. You must have a dropbox account to start, if you don’t have then create an account first. Sync feature of dropbox is great! which makes it well suitable for collaborative projects (as files are secure and easy to share/collaborate, deleted files can be recovered up-to 30 days (in free plan)). In Ubuntu 11.10 – dropbox (integration script with Nautilus) has been included in official repository. So you can install it directly from Software Center or type the command -

sudo apt-get install nautilus-dropbox

9. install gnome tweak tool

Gnome Tweak Tool is a utility for Gnome 3 desktop for tweaking the desktop settings – and so it allows us to customize (windows look/behavior, theme, Fonts etc) the desktop as we want. The ‘appearance’ settings doesn’t have much option now (as it used to be in earlier version of Gnome) so Gnome Tweak Tool will do that.

Tweaking Ubuntu 11.10

To install Gnome Tweak Tool open terminal and execute -

sudo apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool

10. Install alsa mixer

 

sudo apt-get install gnome-alsamixer

 

11. Try cool themes / icons

The default theme in Ubuntu isn’t that cool. Right? I don’t know about you but many of us like to have cool/charming icons and themes. So find out some great themes and icons, and enjoy Ubuntu 11.10.
Radiamentary Theme for Unity

Download Radiamentary Theme

To install themes in unity, Extract and Copy the theme file to usr/share/themes ; then open Gnome Tweak Tool and select that theme (GTK, icon, window etc). That’s All.
Additionally, Ubuntu software center is there – so just relax and search for applications that you like, and find out your favorite applications or try something new. Have Fun!

Install Gnome Shell in Ubuntu 11.10 / Instale o Gnome no Ubuntu 11.10

from: http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-gnome-shell-in-ubuntu-11-10-oneiric-ocelot.html


GNOME Shell is the defining technology of the GNOME 3 user experience. It provides core interface functions like switching to windows and launching applications. GNOME Shell takes advantage of the capabilities of modern graphics hardware and introduces innovative user interface concepts to provide a delightful and easy to use experience.

Install Gnome Shell in Ubuntu 11.10
Open the terminal and run the following command

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell

This will complete the installation.
Now you have to logout from the existing session if you want to login in to gnome shell desktop you need to select GNOME from the login Screen

Once you loggedin you should see similar to the following screen

You can improve your gnome shell desktop looks with nice themes
Installing themes
Once you have downloaded your theme extract them to their respective location.
Extract Gnome shell theme and GTK 3 theme to ~/.themes
Extract icon theme to ~/.icons
Extract custom font to ~/.fonts
Note: ~/ is a shorthand for your home folder. So ~/.themes is referring to the /home/username/.themes folder.

GNOME Shell is the defining technology of the GNOME 3 user experience. It provides core interface functions like switching to windows and launching applications. GNOME Shell takes advantage of the capabilities of modern graphics hardware and introduces innovative user interface concepts to provide a delightful and easy to use experience.


Instale o Gnome no Ubuntu 11.10

Abra o terminal (alt+ctrl+t) e digite o seguinte comando:

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell

Isso já instalará o Gnome.
Para abrir o ambiente Gnome, saia da sessão atual. Ao voltar ao Ubuntu, selecione o ambiente Gnome na tela de login.


Depois de abrir a sessão do Ubuntu, você deve ver uma tela similar a esta:


É possível incrementar o ambiente Gnome com outros temas de sua preferência.

Instalação de temas no Gnome
Baixe o temas para  Gnome e GTK3 de sua preferência, copie-os para /home/nome usuário/.themes
Os ícones e as fontes ficam respectivametne em /home/nome usuário/.icons e /home/nome usuário/.fonts

Ubuntu on a flash drive - upgrading the kernel

solution 1

http://ubuntuguide.net/ubuntu-11-04-upgrade-linux-kernel-to-2-6-39-0

This is a frequent screen frozen issue, and it’s said has something to do with the kernel. Default kernel come with Ubuntu 11.04 is 2.6.38-8, and here’s how to upgrade to Linux kernel 2.6.39-0.
Update: Kernel-ppa currently is down, there’s no kernel packages. Before adding the ppa check ppa:kernel-ppa/ppa.
As an alternative, you can download latest kernel packages from

http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/

Press Ctrl+Alt+T to start a terminal window, and do following steps:
1.) Add the kernel ppa and update your system:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:kernel-ppa/ppa

sudo apt-get update

2.) Check available kernels with the command:

apt-cache showpkg linux-headers

kernel 2.6.39.0 should be in list.

3.) Run the command to install kernel 2.6.39.0:

sudo apt-get install linux-headers-2.6.39-0 linux-headers-2.6.39-0-generic linux-image-2.6.39-0-generic --fix-missing

solution 2

http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/debian-26/solved-upgrade-error-sub-process-usr-bin-dpkg-returned-an-error-code-1-a-706420/ 

 If you have more than 1 kernel installed try removing (using synaptic or
 apt-get) all kernels but the newest. After that do the dist-upgrade 
once more.


If it doesn't work boot from a livecd and resize your /boot partition into at least 100 mb.

(But how cant I resize a usb stick /boot partition?) 

or:

 This worked! I was back in business after doing:

 apt-cache showpkg linux-headers 

and identify the olders kernels and remove them:

$ sudo apt-get remove linux-image-2.6.18*

upgrade ubuntu

$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
   
   see also: http://kernel.org/

solution 3 

see more about ubuntu tweak on: 

http://blog.ubuntu-tweak.com/2011/12/23/ubuntu-tweak-0-6-0-released.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ubuntu-tweak+%28Ubuntu+Tweak%29 

and: 

https://launchpad.net/ubuntu-tweak/+download

Removing Kernels via Synaptic 

http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1587462 

 First, determine which kernel you are using:

Code:

uname -r

Open Synaptic via System > Administration > Synaptic; or

Code:

gksu synaptic

Search for the kernels by typing linux-image in the upper right search box.

• The kernels are those that being with "linux-image".
  • Example: linux-image-2.6.32-24, linux-image-2.6.32-24-generic.
  • The older kernels will have lower ending numbers. linux-image-2.6.32-23 is older than linux-image-2.6.32-24
• Those with green selection boxes are currently installed.

Remove unused kernels as you would any other package by right clicking the package and selecting the desired option.

You can also remove the associated linux-headers and linux-restricted-modules-... for the earlier versions. Example: linux-headers-2.6.32-23

Hint: An easy way to find all the installed kernels, headers and modules for a given kernel is to type the main kernel version (2.6.XX) into the top search bar. Click on the top left column status entry in the package window to bring the installed packages (green boxed) to the top of the list.

When you delete a an older kernel via synaptic the kernel is removed from the computer and more disk space is freed up. The grub configuration file (grub.cfg) is updated and the deleted kernel will no longer be displayed on the menu. Make sure you are satisfied with the performance of newly-released kernels before deleting older ones.

 4. http://askubuntu.com/questions/183825/i-have-6-updates-that-wont-install-on-ubuntu-12-04

(if there is this message after execute part 3.: "linux-image-3.2.0-29-generic-pae: subprocess installed post-removal script returned error exit status 1 "

All the errors says it could not find a file, that is /usr/sbin/update-initramfs
Now I executed the following command to find out which package was expected to provide that file and here is the output

$ dpkg -S /usr/sbin/update-initramfs
initramfs-tools: /usr/sbin/update-initramfs

So would you please try installing package initramfs-tools and re-run the updates. To check if the package already present.

sudo dpkg -l |grep initramfs-tools

Then to install initramfs-tools (if not found)

sudo apt-get install initramfs-tools

Then repeat the install process using sudo apt-get update or other commands.
I am keen to know if this helped you to tide over the problem.

or try

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade in such cases; that is, when regular upgrade via Update Manager or sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade leaves some packages out --- particularly "linux-something" packages (those are kernel updates).

Video, audio and fonts on Ubuntu 14.04

Installing all you need about video, audio and fonts on Ubuntu 14.04

Open a terminal (alt+ctrl+t) and type:

sudo apt-add-repository ppa:mc3man/trusty-media

type 'enter' when it asks

sudo apt-get update

Then type (come on! copy from here and paste on the terminal!)

sudo apt-get install ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg gstreamer0.10-fluendo-mp3 gstreamer0.10-gnonlin gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly totem-plugins-extra gstreamer-tools ubuntu-restricted-extras libxine1-ffmpeg gxine mencoder mpeg2dec vorbis-tools id3v2 mpg321 mpg123 libflac++6 totem-mozilla icedax tagtool easytag id3tool lame nautilus-script-audio-convert libmad0 libjpeg-progs flac faac faad sox ffmpeg2theora libmpeg2-4 uudeview flac libmpeg3-1 mpeg3-utils mpegdemux liba52-0.7.4-dev libquicktime2
 

Choose 'ok' to agree about the conditions for installing win fonts.

Wait...

That's it.

from: 

http://askubuntu.com/questions/463976/ubuntu-14-04-64bit-gstreamer-ffmpeg-video-plugin-problem 

Updating the kernel by terminal

To update the kernel before others applications, do the right thing:
Open terminal  just clicking alt+ctrl+t and type the following commands:
$ sudo apt-get update

Now search kernel version:

$ apt-cache search kernel-image

Now install kernel by explicitly specifying version number:
$ sudo apt-get install linux-image-x.x.xx-yy-generic

Replace xx.yy with kernel version number. Reboot the system.

Instead of the apt-get is to use aptitude command. First of all you have to install aptitude by terminal:

sudo apt-get aptitude

(see more about aptitude on https://help.ubuntu.com/8.04/serverguide/C/aptitude.html )

after that type the followings commands:

sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude safe-upgrade
sudo aptitude full-upgrade

Important: this commands update and upgrade all of old fashion applications.



It`s a adapted version from: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1218056

Updating firefox on ubuntu by console

open the console, just clicking alt+ctrl+t

type the followings commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-mozilla-security/ppa  
sudo apt-get update  

sudo apt-get install firefox

For closing the console type 'exit'.